Look for strings starting with CW_ between strings CW_BEGIN and CW_END in the image file, for example like this:

You will find strings like CW_IMAGE, CW_FAMILY, CW_FEATURE, CW_VERSION, CW_MEDIA, CW_SYSDESCR and CW_MAGIC between strings CW_BEGIN and CW_END.

In this example, the IOS version is 12.4(6)T5 (CW_VERSION) and it is designed to run on 870 routers (CW_FAMILY).

The nice thing about these CW_ strings is that you will also find them in a core dump (in the data region), thus allowing you to identify the IOS version that was running on a router when the core dump was produced (provided the image runs from RAM, indicated by a letter m in the filename).

And they are also present in the uncompressed image (compressed image files are identified by a letter z in the filename).

Soon I will release a tool to validate IOS image files, you can use it to extract these CW_ strings too.

But have you done this with Cisco devices too? Recently I tried to obtain the SSH fingerprint of a Cisco router while connected via the serial console. Turns out there is no CLI command to display the fingerprint (well, at least I didn’t find one). What you can do, is dump the public key with command “show crypto key mypubkey rsa”.

So I developed a small Python program that calculates a SSH fingerprint from the public key. You store the public key in hex format in a file and use that with this new tool.

To calculate the fingerprint, I extract the modulus and exponent from the public key, store them in another format (ssh-rsa) and calculate the MD5 hash.

So now I can connect to a router via the serial console while there’s no “man in the middle”, obtain the public key and calculate the fingerprint. Next when I connect to the same router over SSH, I can validate the fingerprint my SSH client presents me. It’s too bad Cisco provides no feature to get the fingerprint directly.

cisco-calculate-ssh-fingerprint_V0_0_1.zip (https)
MD5: 5A6C3A2C466908EE7EFB06727E8D02B7
SHA256: 831CAF7BBF0F6C584436C42D9CEB252A089487B715ADBB81F9547EEB3ED6B0B8

You can prevent the installation of new HIDs, but this is an issue when you need to replace keyboards or mice. Irongeek has a good write-up.

Connected HIDs leave forensics traces in the registry, take a look under key HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USB\

Connecting a Teensy leaves these entries:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USB\Vid_16c0&Pid_0482\6&31417f27&0&3
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USB\Vid_16c0&Pid_0482&MI_00\7&becc88c&0&0000
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USB\Vid_16c0&Pid_0482&MI_01\7&becc88c&0&0001
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Enum\USB\Vid_16c0&Pid_0482&MI_02\7&becc88c&0&0002

Quickpost info

Materials you’ll need for the exercises:

• my PDF tools
• the exercises themselves (password for the ZIP file is “infected” without the double-quotes; there’s no malware in the exercises, but some might still trigger AV)
• my free e-book on PDF analysis
• SpiderMonkey

You can download it here.

And as there is write-up for the solution to this puzzle on a blog, I’ll link to this in the comments next week. Since you can just Google the solution, there is no prize this time.

But did you notice the inclusion of my PDFiD and pdf-parser tools?

You can find them under /pentest/forensics/pdfid and /pentest/forensics/pdf-parser.

Like its name implies, DumpStrings will dump all the strings (ASCII and UNICODE) found in a file, or a selection in a file, to the output tab.
Strings must be at least 5 characters long (defined with a #define statement in the script).
UNICODE support is very simple for the moment: 7-bit values in a 16-bit character (MSB or LSB).

Take into account that this is not designed for large files: it will take too long. But its easy to analyze partial files without having to save the selection for analysis with another strings tool.

Download:

DumpStrings_V0_0_1.zip (https)

MD5: 50C0C92F28020E7BCABBF46CA8775CCE

SHA256: 7EC688DBB0FD95C828067662C9ED8BBCFFEFBE5EA37B607DC8DFA1BDCB94365C

This is a document I shared with my Brucon workshop attendees.

I know, this is a PDF document, you’ve to appreciate the irony

As I’ve done several hacks with Excel macros in the past, this made me realize that social engineering is a key element to get people to run macros from a spreadsheet of unknown origin.

Several people have asked me about de details of the vulnerability I exploited in my PDF Info Stealer PoC. But that’s not important. It’s not about the exploit, it’s about the payload: the info stealer. As I’ve written in my previous post, I don’t even need an exploit to get users to execute the info stealer. If I put the info stealer inside an Excel spreadsheet and social engineer the targeted users to execute the macros, I’ve achieved my goal without exploiting a software vulnerability.

I present you Frisky Solitaire:

Frisky solitaire is more compelling than text-based Excel games, because of the graphics. I took Solitaire from ReactOS, turned it into a DLL and embedded it with my memory loading shellcode into Excel macros (the same technique as I developed for cmd.dll and regedit.dll). I imagine that a simple game like Solitaire in Excel can go viral inside a company, when you know that many corporations disable standard Windows games on their desktops and Terminal Servers.

But in a crude attempt at social engineering the male population of a targeted company, I added an element of nudity to the game. The implied message of the game’s title is that winning games increases nudity. I know, I’m talking about basic instincts here, but it still does the trick…

So I imagine that this game can become popular with a large part of the male employees of a targeted company. And that they wouldn’t question the fact you have to execute Excel macros to play a game. Sounds plausible, no?

Of course, you guessed it: Frisky Solitaire is trojaned with an info stealer… No need to exploit a software vulnerability to steal info. Given that here too, everything is done in memory, detection is unlikely.

Info stealers don’t require admin rights to perform their task, and can be designed to evade or bypass AV, HIPS, DLP and other security software.

I helped out a friend testing his environment with a PoC PDF info stealer I designed (I will not publish it).

This PDF document exploits a known vulnerability, and executes shellcode to load a DLL (embedded inside the PDF document) from memory into memory. This way, nothing gets written to disk (except the PDF file). The DLL searches the My Documents folder of the currect user for a file called budget.xls, and uploads it to Pastebin.com.

My PDF info stealer was succesful: file budget.xls was posted to Pastebin.com

Preventing an info stealer from operating is not easy. The Windows operating system is designed to give user processes unrestricted access to the user’s data. It’s only starting with the Windows Vista kernel and Windows Integrity Control that a process can be assigned a lower level than user data and be restricted from accessing it. Lowering the Integrity Level of Acrobat Reader will help us in this case, but if I exploit an Excel vulnerability (or just use macros, without exploiting a vulnerability), the integrity levels will not protect us.

Neither is preventing data egress easy. OK, you can decide to block Pastebin.com. But can you block all sites that can be posted to? Like Wikipedia? And if you can, do you block ICMP packets?

To protect confidential data, don’t let it be accessed by systems with Internet access. That’s not very practical, but it’s reliable. Or use strong encryption with strong passwords (not the default RC4 Excel encryption). The info stealer will have the extra difficulty to steal the password too.

I know this is obvious advice, but it’s not easy protecting data from carefully designed info stealers on Windows.